Erken Çocuklukta Jest Gelişimi

Elif Meryem Ünsal

Özet

Günümüzde jest araştırmaları gelişimsel psikolojinin ve antropolojinin sınırlarını aşarak dil ve konuşma bozuklukları alanına taşmıştır. Hem tipik hem de atipik dil gelişimi gösteren popülasyonlarda yapılan çalışmalar dil ve konuşma terapisi alanı açısından önemli noktalara isabet etmektedir. Erken dönemde üretilen jestlerin ileri dönemdeki dil becerilerinin güçlü bir işaretçisi olduğu, hatta dil gecikmesi riski taşıyan çocukları belirlemekte kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Jestler; gösterme jestleri, sembolik jestler ve uzlaşılmış jestler olarak üç grupta incelenmektedir. Gösterme jestleri edinim yaşı ve ortaya çıkış biçimi açısından evrensel özellikler gösterirken, sembolik jestler ve uzlaşılmış jestler dile ve kültüre özgü nitelikler taşır. Özellikle gösterme jestleri sonraki dil gelişimi açısından önemli bir yordayıcıdır. Yaygın kanının aksine çocukların erken dönemde jest kullanarak iletişim kurması ileri dönemdeki sözel dil becerilerini ketleyici değil, yeni sözcükler ve dilbilgisel yapıların ediniminde kolaylaştırıcıdır. Ailelerin çocuklarıyla etkileşimleri sırasındaki jest kullanımı çocukların hem jest hem de sözel dil modalitesindeki çıktılarını olumlu etkilemektedir. Dil değerlendirmelerine jestlerin dâhil edilmesi hem dil gelişimi açısından riskli grupların saptanmasında etkili olacak hem de dil gelişimi için gerekli bilişsel becerilerin durumu hakkında bilgi sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca dil terapilerinde jestlerin, jest ve sözcük birleşimlerinin terapi hedefi olarak eklenmesi dil becerilerinin gelişiminde olumlu rol oynayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocukluk çağı, iletişim, jest, pragmatik gelişim, dil

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